Standard features
7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Fifteen studied dietary sources of calcium (n=810 calcium, n=723 controls),16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and 51 studied calcium supplements (n=6547 calcium, n=5710 controls).7 12 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 26 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Table 1 ? shows study design and selected baseline characteristics for included studies of dietary calcium. Tables 2 and 3 show the study design and selected baseline characteristics for trials of calcium supplements, without and with additional vitamin D, respectively. ? ? Further details are in tables A-C in appendix 2. Of the 15 randomised controlled trials of dietary sources of calcium, 10 used milk or milk powder, two used dairy products, and three used hydroxyapatite preparations. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, 36 studied calcium monotherapy, 13 co-administered CaD, and two were multi-arm studies of both. Table 4 summarises other features of the trials ? . Most of them studied calcium without vitamin D in women aged <70 living in the community; the mean baseline dietary calcium intake was 500 mg/day was used in most trials, but a higher proportion of trials of calcium supplements used a dose of ?1000 mg/day. Table C in appendix 2 shows our assessment of risk of bias. Of the 15 trials of dietary sources of calcium, we assessed two as low risk of bias, six as moderate risk, and seven as high risk. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, we assessed 19 as low risk of bias, 12 as moderate risk, and 20 as high risk.
Design of randomised controlled products and you may chose baseline services of eligible examples off calcium that can put vitamin D medications
Number one analyses
Table 5 ? summarises the outcome of the meta-analyses. Expanding calcium intake regarding dieting supply increased BMD from the 0.6-step 1.0% from the full stylish and overall human anatomy at the one year and you may by the 0.7-step 1.8% within the websites and also the lumbar back and femoral neck at 2 yrs (figs 1 and dos ? ? . There was zero effect on BMD on forearm.
Fig step one Arbitrary consequences meta-investigation off aftereffect of slimming down types of calcium into commission alter when you look at the bones mineral thickness (BMD) away from standard during the 12 months
Fig 2 Haphazard effects meta-data of aftereffect of fat loss sourced elements of calcium on payment changes during the bone mineral occurrence (BMD) regarding baseline from the 24 months
As soon as we limited the new analyses towards the twelve randomised controlled products from whole milk or dairy products, of the excluding three examples off hydroxyapatite, there is nothing improvement in the results. Calcium improved BMD whatsoever five skeletal internet because of the 0.7-1.4% during the one year (figs step three and 4 ? ? ), by 0.8-1.5% at a couple of years (figs 5 and you may 6 ? ? ), and by 0.8-step 
1.8% within more two-and-a-half age (fig eight ? ) (a number of time of trials is actually less than six ages).